Let's Learn ENGLISH, Everybody!!^^ (Scanning and Skimming, How to be a Good Reporter and Good Broadcaster, Reading Techniques)

SCANNING & SKIMMING

Easier - There are different styles of reading for different situations. The technique you choose will depend on the purpose for reading. For example, you might be reading for enjoyment, information, or to complete a task. If you are exploring or reviewing, you might skim a document. If you're searching for information, you might scan for a particular word. To get detailed information, you might use a technique such as SQ4R. You need to adjust your reading speed and technique depending on your purpose.

Many people consider skimming and scanning search techniques rather than reading strategies. However when reading large volumes of information, they may be more practical than reading. For example, you might be searching for specific information, looking for clues, or reviewing information.

Harder - Web pages, novels, textbooks, manuals, magazines, newspapers, and mail are just a few of the things that people read every day. Effective and efficient readers learn to use many styles of reading for different purposes. Skimming, scanning, and critical reading are different styles of reading and information processing.

Skimming is used to quickly identify the main ideas of a text. When you read the newspaper, you're probably not reading it word-by-word, instead you're scanning the text. Skimming is done at a speed three to four times faster than normal reading. People often skim when they have lots of material to read in a limited amount of time. Use skimming when you want to see if an article may be of interest in your research.

There are many strategies that can be used when skimming. Some people read the first and last paragraphs using headings, summarizes and other organizers as they move down the page or screen. You might read the title, subtitles, subheading, and illustrations. Consider reading the first sentence of each paragraph. This technique is useful when you're seeking specific information rather than reading for comprehension. Skimming works well to find dates, names, and places. It might be used to review graphs, tables, and charts.

Scanning is a technique you often use when looking up a word in the telephone book or dictionary. You search for key words or ideas. In most cases, you know what you're looking for, so you're concentrating on finding a particular answer. Scanning involves moving your eyes quickly down the page seeking specific words and phrases. Scanning is also used when you first find a resource to determine whether it will answer your questions. Once you've scanned the document, you might go back and skim it.

When scanning, look for the author's use of organizers such as numbers, letters, steps, or the words, first, second, or next. Look for words that are bold faced, italics, or in a different font size, style, or color. Sometimes the author will put key ideas in the margin.

Reading off a computer screen has become a growing concern. Research shows that people have more difficulty reading off a computer screen than off paper. Although they can read and comprehend at the same rate as paper, skimming on the computer is much slower than on paper.

HOW TO BE A GOOD REPORTER AND GOOD BROADCASTER?

Rules and Tips on Being a Good Reporter:

1. Do not use CAPITAL letters when writing a report.

2. Do not use slang language or inappropriate language in your report.

3. Write in complete sentences.

4. Put 2 spaces after ending punctuation marks.

5. Capitalize ONLY at the beginning of sentences or proper nouns.

6. You should say what you need to say.

7. The information in your article should be found in a reliable source such as: magazine, newspaper, web site, TV news, and interview.

8. All of your spelling should be correct.

9. Your topic should be interesting to children.

10. Your information should be recent and current.

11. We reserve the right to decline and not post articles that are obscene or judged inappropriate by the editors.

12. All articles should have a email address so we could contact you if necessary.

Being a journalist does not require a specialized degree, although some reporters are j-school grads. Reporting is a trade that, to a large degree, can be taught through on-the-job training. In fact, if a new reporter is lucky enough to be mentored by an experienced journalist, that new reporter will get an invaluable real-world education. Sadly, this era of media consolidation has seen many of the most experienced journalists put out to pasture, simply because they are the biggest expenses on their corporate masters' budget sheets. The net result? There's a lot of new reporters out there, often looking like deer trapped in headlights, given bylines and put on the air before they've mastered the basic mechanics of their trade.

There's also an element of journalism that can't be taught: Some people instinctly can smell a story. They're the ones who always seem to be at the right place at the right time to produce a story no one else has, or they find a story angle everyone else has missed. As you might imagine, this type of reporter is few and far between.

So how can you tell which reporters are the good ones? The kind that make you sleep easier at night, knowing your country's fundamental precepts are in good hands? And who are the ones who are screwing everything up?

Here's some telltale signs:

Attention to Detail. A good reporter doesn't take anything for granted. Expect the spelling of your name and title to be verified, especially if it's a reporter who's new to you. Titles do change, and so do companies' names, now that we feel the need to rebrand everything we touch. Women's names change, too. If it's been awhile since the same reporter has called you, he or she should reconfirm this basic information with you. Expect other basic facts (places, people, dates, numbers) to be confirmed as well. Such an attention to detail tells you the reporter is committed to providing accurate information.

READING TECHINQUES

Reading Efficiently by Reading Intelligently

Good reading strategies help you to read in a very efficient way. Using them, you aim to get the maximum benefit from your reading with the minimum effort. This section will show you how to use six different strategies to read intelligently.

Strategy 1: Knowing what you want to know

The first thing to ask yourself is: Why you are reading the text? Are you reading with a purpose or just for pleasure? What do you want to know after reading it? Once you know this, you can examine the text to see whether it is going to move you towards this goal. An easy way of doing this is to look at the introduction and the chapter headings. The introduction should let you know whom the book is targeted at, and what it seeks to achieve. Chapter headings will give you an overall view of the structure of the subject. Ask yourself whether the book meets your needs. Ask yourself if it assumes too much or too little knowledge. If the book isn't ideal, would it be better to find a better one?

Strategy 2: Knowing how deeply to study the material

Where you only need the shallowest knowledge of the subject, you can skim material. Here you read only chapter headings, introductions and summaries. If you need a moderate level of information on a subject, then you can scan the text. Here you read the chapter introductions and summaries in detail. You may then speed read the contents of the chapters, picking out and understanding key words and concepts. At this level of looking at the document it is worth paying attention to diagrams and graphs. Only when you need detailed knowledge of a subject is it worth studying the text. Here it is best to skim the material first to get an overview of the subject. This gives you an understanding of its structure, into which you can fit the detail gained from a full, receptive reading of the material. SQ3R is a good technique for getting a deep understanding of a text.

Strategy 3: Active Reading

When you are reading a document in detail, it often helps if you highlight, underline and annotate it as you go on. This emphasizes information in your mind, and helps you to review important points later. Doing this also helps to keep your mind focused on the material and stops it wandering. This is obviously only something to do if you own the document! If you own the book and find that active reading helps, then it may be worth photocopying information in more expensive texts. You can then read and mark the photocopies. If you are worried about destroying the material, ask yourself how much your investment of time is worth. If the benefit you get by active reading reasonably exceeds the value of the book, then the book is disposable.

Strategy 4: How to study different sorts of material

Different sorts of documents hold information in different places and in different ways. They have different depths and breadths of coverage. By understanding the layout of the material you are reading, you can extract useful information much more efficiently.

Reading Magazines and Newspapers:

These tend to give a very fragmented coverage of an area. They will typically only concentrate on the most interesting and glamorous parts of a topic - this helps them to sell copies! They will often ignore less interesting information that may be essential to a full understanding of a subject. Typically areas of useful information are padded out with large amounts of irrelevant waffle or with advertising. The most effective way of getting information from magazines is to scan the contents tables or indexes and turn directly to interesting articles. If you find an article useful, then cut it out and file it in a folder specifically covering that sort of information. In this way you will build up sets of related articles that may begin to explain the subject. Newspapers tend to be arranged in sections. If you read a paper often, you can learn quickly which sections are useful and which ones you can skip altogether.

Reading Individual Articles:

Articles within newspapers and magazines tend to be in three main types:

• News Articles:
  Here the most important information is presented first, with information being less and less useful as the article progresses. News articles are designed to explain the key points first, and then flesh them out with detail.
• Opinion Articles:
  Opinion articles present a point of view. Here the most important information is contained in the introduction and the summary, with the middle of the article containing supporting arguments.
• Feature Articles:
  These are written to provide entertainment or background on a subject. Typically the most important information is in the body of the text.

If you know what you want from an article, and recognize its type, you can extract information from it quickly and efficiently.

Strategy 5: Reading 'whole subject' documents

When you are reading an important document, it is easy to accept the writer's structure of thought. This can mean that you may not notice that important information has been omitted or that irrelevant detail has been included. A good way of recognizing this is to compile your own table of contents before you open the document. You can then use this table of contents to read the document in the order that you want. You will be able to spot omissions quickly.

Strategy 6: Using glossaries with technical documents

If you are reading large amounts of difficult technical material, it may be useful to photocopy or compile a glossary. Keep this beside you as you read. It will probably also be useful to note down the key concepts in your own words, and refer to them when necessary. Usually it is best to make notes as you go. Effective way of doing this include creating Concept Maps or using the Cornell Note Taking System.

Key points:

This section shows six different strategies and techniques that you can use to read more effectively. These are:

• Knowing what you need to know, and reading appropriately
• Knowing how deeply to read the document: skimming, scanning or studying
• Using active reading techniques to pick out key points and keep your mind focused on the material
• Using the table of contents for reading magazines and newspapers, and clipping useful articles
• Understanding how to extract information from different article types
• Creating your own table of contents for reviewing material
• Using indexes, tables of contents, and glossaries to help you assimilate technical information.